| QORAALLO::: 2001 |
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MUSLIMIINTA DENMARK |
Muslimiinta Denmark oo loo ogolaaday in ay yeeshaan
dhul u gooni ah Qubuuraha Muslimiinta.
Akhri qoraalkii
IbrahimSalah |
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DARAASAD |
Daraasad lagu sameeyay Muslimiinta Maraykanka. Akhri
Qoraalkii Caddaawe
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UBADKA QURBAHA |
Maxaa Xal u ah Ubadka Soomaalida Qurbaha?
Guji halkan
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MAPS |
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Somalia claims sovereignty over Ogaden, an
ethnically Somali region of far eastern Ethiopia. In
1977 Somalia invaded Ogaden in an attempt to annex
it, but Somali forces were defeated by the Ethiopian
army in 1978. Ethiopia and Somalia signed a peace
accord in 1988 but Somalia did not renounce its
claim to the region.
Quote from
Encarta Online
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WAGGALLA MASSACRE |
This act of genocide occurred in 1984 in Wagala near
Wajir.
Read here
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FALASTIIN |
Maxay galaabsatay iimaan oo 4 jir ah
Guji halkan
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Hab nololeedka Itoobiya waxaa astaan u ah dagaal iyo faqri.
Inkastoo ay sheegato inay leedahay mid ka mid ah dawladaha adduunka
ugu da weyn, haddana dawladdaasi waa midaan ka fursan karin ku
jiridda dagaal joogta ah, dadkeeduna iska baddalin ahaanshaha kuwa
ugu faqrisan adduunka. Isla markaa Xabasha laftigeeda ayaa ugu
faqrisan Itoobiya oo dhan, ayadoo sababtu aanay ahayn mid la
xiriirta dhulka (McCann 1987: 4). Sababaha taariikh ahaan dadkaas
baday faqriga joogtada ah, Harbeson ayaa sawir ka bixiyay, asagoo
xusay dhawr sababood:
1) Mas'uuliyiinta waddankaas oo aan wax xil ah iska saarin
horumarka nolasha dadkooda.
2) Nadaamka bulsho ee waddankaasi wuxuu ka koobanyahay: madaxda
dawladda iyo kaniisadda, beeralay maxaysato ah iyo miliishiyo (chawa)
joogta ah oo laga qoro beeralaydaas.
3) Dadka oo maskaxdooda, waqtigooda iyo wax soo saarkoodaba ay la
qaybsadeen kaniisadaha iyo xukumayaashu: 'U adeegidda khasabka ah ee
madaxda siyaasadeed iyo baadariyada kaniisaduhu waxay ka jeedisay
beeralayda yaryar shaqadii ay ku dabbarayeen noloshooda asaasiga
ah'.
4) Waddanku awood uma yeelan inuu abuuro 'xarumo sugan oo awood
dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed'. Xattaa boqorradu ma lahayn xarun joogta
ah Minilik ka hor. Inkastoo khadadka dhaadheer ee ganacsiga G/Afrika
ay soo gaari jireen, haddana waddanku awood uma yeelan inuu soo
saaro 'magaalooyin leh suuq ganacsi'.
5) Aafooyin dabiici ah oo joogta ah, sida abaaro, ayax iyo
cudurro, ka sokow beeralayda maxaysatada ah waxaa kaloo dulsaar ku
ahaa 'chawada'. Chawadu noloshooda waxay ka raadsanayeen dhac.
markaa maxaysatadu waxay doorbidayeen inay ku biiraan chawada. (Harbeson
1988: 24-7).
Sidaa darteed,dagaalku wuxuu ahaa shaqada ugu weyn oo waddanku ku
tiirsanyahay. Runtii taariikhda xabasha waxay ka koobantahay dagaal
aan dhammaad lahayn oo boqorradu hogaaminayeen kaniisaduhuna u
barakeynayeen, oo lagu qaadayay dadyowga dariska la ah. Tan iyo
boqor Ezana oo ahaa Q4aad, boqorrada Xabasha ee xilli kasta wararka
laga qoray waa xasuuq, dhac iyo qafaalasho ay ku sameeyeen
dariskooda. Boqorradu waxay ahaayeen abaan duulayaal ciidan oo ku
nool xero ciidan oo wareegaalaysata, hadbana loo raro soohdintii
dagaal ka jiro. (matalan fiiri: Tamrat fii CHA, iii: 545-8; Tamrat
1972: 134-5, 149; Huntingford 1965: 56, 60-1, 104; Huntingford 1989:
25-55). Dadkii hore waa ogaayeen dabciga 'shilinta' ah ee 'chawada'.
Garaad Maxfuud, mar uu la soo noqday gobalkii Fatagar, beeralayda
wuxuu u sheegay inay beerahooda fashaan, chawadiina intuu ururiyay
ayuu laayay.
Ma aha oo kaliya in arrintaas tusaalayaal badan looga heli karo
dhacdooyinka qarniyadii dhexe.
Dr. Smith Xabashida cusub ee reer Yurub koolkoolinayeen waatuu ku
tilmaamay "savages bearing arms against other poor defenseless
Africans'. Booqashadiisii ka bacdi waxaa loo sheegay: dadka degaanka
Sasabane 'waxaa weeraray ciidan uu u taliyo Mokannen [Xayle Selaase
aabihii], xoolahoodii dhammaan waa la dhacay, wiilashii iyo
gabdhihii addoon ahaan ayaa loo kaxaystay, dadkii waaweynaana waa la
laayay ama waa la xubna jaray'. Gaalladana waxyaalahaas oo kale ayaa
ku dhacay. (FitzGibbon 1982: 24).
Boqorrada iyo baadariyadu dagaalka waxay u yeelayeen ujeeddo
diini ah. Laakiin falku wuxuu ahaa tacaddi iyo burburin dareen nafsi
ah, oo la xiriira magaca Amxaara, ku reebay dadyowga Geeska Afrika.
Nolosha seefta ama qorigu 'chawada' waxay u ahayd fursad u dhaanta
tii yaambada. Hantida cadowga laga bililiqaystaana waa ka cantuuga
wacneyd culayska maxaysatannimada. Sidoo kale gibirka ama baadda
laga qaado dadyowga la qabsaday waxay ahayd dakhliga ugu muhimsan ee
boqorrada, kaniisadda iyo wakiilladooda. Sida hadalkii sir Alfred
'Abyssinians " have no other employment than that of making raids on
Gallas and Somalis'. Iyo kii Rosebery " to enable Somalis to protect
themselves against the incursions of predatory bands of Abyssinia'.
Maamulka Meles waxba kama baddalin dhaqankaas. Waxyaalihii ilaa
1992 ka dhacayay G/Afrika waxay xusuusiyeen falalkii Yisxaaq,
Susenyos, Yohannes, Minilik iwm., oo cadaabid iy argagaxisnimo lagu
sii daray (fiiri tqr. 2) . Wali Itoobiya waxay ku maaleysaa reer
galbeedka, kuna maaweelinaysaa dadkeeda ka hortagga cadow aan
isbaddal lahayn oo xuduudeeda dhooban. Wax lala yaabo ayay ahayd,
sida ION ay cabbirtay, Itoobiya markay ka soo fara xalatay dagaalkii
Eritreeya inay abaabusho olole dagaal oo ka dhan ah Soomaaliya
ayadoo dadkeeda u sheegaysa 'Masar ayaa ina soo weerareysa',
maadaama aan cidina maanta garaysan karin dagaal Soomaaliya ah (fiiri
tqr.3).
Talo, tusaalayn, iyo faallo laxiriirta qoraalkaan
ku hagaaji:
Qore: Cali-Nuuri
wamo93@aol.com
DISTRIBUTED VIA SOMALITALK.COM
TIXRAAC:
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digest association, 1981
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Theodore of Ethiopia to queen Victoria - Oxford Univ. Press, 1979
§ Allen, James de Vere: Sawahili origins, 1993
§ Ali, M. Nuh: History of Horn of Africa; 1985
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1991
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· Cerulli, Enrico: Somalia, Scritti vari editi ed inediti; 1967
§ Greenfield, Richard: Ethiopia: A New political history; F.A.
Praeger, 1965
§ Farago, Ladislas: Abyssinia on the Eve; Putman C. G., 1935
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1982 -The Evaded Duty 1984
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Collings 1975
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culture; Hraff Press, 1962
Marcus, Harold:
-A History of Ethiopia; Univ. of CA Press, 1994
-Ethiopia, Great Britain and U.S. 1941-1974; Univ. of CA Press, 1983
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Marcus; R.S. Press, 1994
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Univ. of PA Press, 1987
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Harbeson, John W. : The Ethiopian transformation; Westview Press,
1988
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Chicago press, 1966
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oxford Univ. Press, 1989
-The Glorious victories of Amda Seyon, king of Ethiopia; Oxford
Press, 1965
Ibn Saciid, Abul Xasan Cali: Kitaab Al-jughraafiyaa 1970; bb.
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Taqaariir (qaybta 2aad):
1) HOL:
2) Sahan - Boosaaso 14/2/2000 # 155; Al-Mujtamac, Maaris 2001, bb.
24-5; Somali Islamic Society of Canada Communique #4, 1997; German-Ogaden
friendship fii HOL, Abriil 2001 3) ION: Indian Ocean Newsletter #937
fiiri Somalitalk.com; 10/2/2001
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