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Article 39 of Ethiopia Constitution, adopted 8 December 1994

Article 39

Rights of Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples

1. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has an unconditional right toself-determination, including the right to secession.

2. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to speak, to writeand to develop its own language; to express, to develop and to promote its culture;and to preserve its history.

3. Every Nation, Nationality and People in Ethiopia has the right to a full measure ofself-government which includes the right to establish institutions of governmentin the territory that it inhabits and to equitable representation in state and Federalgovernments.

4. The right to self-determination, including secession, of every Nation, Nationalityand People shall come into effect:

(a) When a demand for secession has been approved by a two-thirds majority ofthe members of the Legislative Council of the Nation, Nationality or Peopleconcerned;

(b) When the Federal Government has organized a referendum which must takeplace within three years from the time it received the concerned council’s decisionfor secession;

(c) When the demand for secession is supported by majority vote in thereferendum;

(d) When the Federal Government will have transferred its powers to the councilof the Nation, Nationality or People who has voted to secede; and

(e) When the division of assets is effected in a manner prescribed by law.

5. A "Nation, Nationality or People" for the purpose of this Constitution , is a groupof people who have or share large measure of a common culture or similarcustoms, mutual intelligibility of language, belief in a common or relatedidentities, a common psychological make-up, and who inhabit an identifiable,predominantly contiguous territory.

Article 32

Freedom of Movement


Any Ethiopian or foreign national lawfully in Ethiopia has, within the national territory, the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose his residence, as well as the freedom to leave the country at any time he wishes to.

Any Ethiopian national has the right to return to his country.


 

 

Heshiiskii ay Ururka UWSLF iyo Dowladda Itoobiya ay ku kala saxiixdeen Hotelka Ghion ee Magaalada Addis Ababa 29 July 2010 oo Tajiman Halkan ka akhr


Sheikh Ibraahim iyo Dr. Shiferaw Teklemariam oo heshiiska ku kala saxiixday Hotel Ghion ee magalada Addis Ababa

Qoraal la xiriira ka akhri HALKAN

 

Kulaabo bogga www.SomaliTalk.com © www.SomaliTalk.com

La soo xiriir:

 

YAA UMAQAN TAARIIKHDA SoomaaliDA


Taariikh Kooban: Geeska Afrika

1,500 BC Fircoonkii laoranjirey  Seankhane Menthuhoteps IV ee Thebes ayaa sahan safar badeed usoodiray xeebaha Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo loo aqoonjirey dhulkii uduga "The Land of Punt."

7-900 AD Carab  iyo Beershiyaan [Persians] ayaa xiriir layeeshay jaaliyaadihii kunoolaa xeebaha Saylac, Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe.

1528-35 AD Ahmed "Gurey" ayaa dagaal lagalay Abyssinians isagoo siweyn isaga difaacay ilaa ay usoo hiiliyeen ciidan hubaysan oo Bortuqiis ah [Portugese musketeers].

1889 Kadib markii ay heshiis  galeen Suldaano iyo Ingiriiska  ayuu Woqooyiga Soomaaliya ka dhaqangeliyey Somaliland.

1894 ayaa heshiiska loo yaqaab saddex-geesoole "Tripartite Accord" waxaa wada garey Ingiriiska [Great Britain], Talyaaniga [Italy], iyo Itoobiya [Ethiopia], kaas oo kusaabsanaa dhulka Soomaaliya. Talyaaniga waxaa lasiiyey dhulka soo eegaya badweynta Hindiya oo waagii dambe loo bixiyey Italian Somaliland. Heshiiskaasu wuxuu aqoonsaday in Mililikh [Menelik] uu qaato dhulka galbeed ee Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaan Ogaden.

1899 Maxamad Cadulle xasan ayaa la dagaalamay wadaamada Ingiriiska [British], Talyaaniga iyo  Ethiopia.

May 5, 1936 Talyaaniga ayaa qabsaday magaalada Addis Ababa, kaddib markii halkaas uu ka cararay Xayle Selasi. Waxaana markaas Talyaanigu gumaysatey Itoobiya intii u dhaxaysay 1936-1941.

1940 Talyaaniga ayaa qabsaday dhulkii ingiriisku qaatay ee Somaliland, qabsashadaasi muddo badan masii jirin.

1947 Waxaa la asaasay xisbigii dhallinyatada Soomaaliyeed ee SYL [Somali Youth League], oo ahaa xisbigii siyaasiga ahaa ee ugu horreeyey Soomaalida cusub.

1950 Qaramada Midoobey [UN] ayaa dhulkii talyaanigu haystey ogolaatay xorimo gaarsiin oo uu talyaanigu sii hayo.

1955 Ingiriiska ayaa gobolka loyaqaan Reserved Area (Ogaadeenya) iyo Hawd kuwareejisey Itoobiya.

1960 bishii  June 26keedii ayaa Somaliland kaxorowdey xukunkii Ingiriiska. bishii   July 1deedii isla sanadkaas ayaa Soomaaliya intii uu Talyaanigu siihayey xorowdey oo ay labadaas qaybood midoobeen.

Somalia-Ethiopia-Kenya 
1960: Kahor xoriyadii Soomaaliya, July 1960, Fransiiska iyo Talyaanigu oo ahaa kukii siihayey dhulka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku guul-daraysteen in ay xad sugan oo Soomaaliya leedahay suntaan

1 Jul 1960 - 10 Jun 1967
Aadan Cabdullah Cusmaan
ayaa noqday madaxweynihii u horeeyey ee Soomaalida xorta ah

7/1960: Rabshado kadhacay xadka Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya ayaa labada dhinacba adkeeyeen ammaanka. Soomaaliya waxa ay dhiirigelisey NFD xoriyad gaarsiinteeda, Ingiriiskana xiriirkii ayey u goysey kadib markii Ingiriisku go'aansaday in uu NFD kudaro Kenya. Madaxdii Afrikaankuna Soomaaliya gacankuma siin Qadiyada NFD. 13beri kadib markii Kenya Xoriyada qaadatay, December 1963, waxa ay NFD kusoo rogtey xaalad degdega.

1/1964: Waxaa dagaal ka dhexqarxay Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, dagaal la xiriira dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee Itoobiya gumeysato .

4/1/1964: Waxaa hirgalay xabadjoojin dhexmartay Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya

10/15/1959: Waxaa la diley Cabdirashiid cali Sharmaarke, oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya, oo safar kumaraya Gobolada dalka.

21 Oct 1969: Waxaa wadanka inqilaab ku qabsaday ciidan militari oo uu hogaaminayey Maxamed Siyaad Barre. 1/1977: Waxaa kor u kacay xiisada dhulka ee Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya.

July 23 1977: ciidanka Soomaaliya ayaa galay dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee gobolka Ogaden. Ethiopia waxa ay taageero militari ka heshay dalalka USSR, Cuba iyo Libya. Dagaal khasaare badan geysey ayaa dhexmaray Somali iyo Itoobiya. November 1977 Soomaalidu waxa ay eryeen ruuskii ku sugnaa cariga Soomaaliya. Waxana ay Soomaaliya markaas mucaaniwo weydiisatey USA iyo UK. USA waxa ay ogolaadeen oo qura taageerida aadaminimo, halka UK ay Soomaaliya siisay mucaawino aadamino iyo hub intaba. OAU ayaa isku deyey in ay wadahal soo qabanqaabiyaan laakiin waftigii Soomaaliya ayaa kabaxay wadahadalkii. Itoobiya waxa ay bilowdey habkii lamagbaxay "scorched earth" oo afsoomaali ahaan u dhiganta "u cadayn dhulka sidii laf hilibka laga xaquuqay" kan oo ahaa in lasumeeyo biyaha, la laayo xoolaha, dhulka ladeganyahay lagabarakiciyo, taas oo dhanka ahayd  (SALF). Taageero ay Itoobiya ka heshay Ruuska awgeed waxa ay dib u qababsatay  Somali galbeed (ogaden) markey taariikhu ahayd March 15 1978. Reference: Somalia History


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